COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT DRINKNG ALCOHOL

Alcohol is a stimulant.

The euphoric and inhibitory effect has made alcohol to be falsely dumped as a stimulant. Alcohol is a depressant, it causes sleep, drowsiness, altered consciousness, coma, even death. Death may ensue in higher concentrations when the vital function like breathing is depressed.

Alcohol and its associated problems are for the person who drinks.

Alcoholism is not only a problem to the individual drinker but also a problem to the society at large. The state is obligated to enact laws and enforce them to restrict alcohol use. Alcohol use is associated with violence, drunk driving, a risky sexual engagement which touches the society at large.

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CAUSES OF ALCOHOLIC BLACKOUTS.

Alcoholics lack will power and are morally weak.

Alcoholism results as a result of a variety of factors like genetic, environmental, social and others. Individuals who engage in drinking may develop alcohol dependence which makes it hard for them to quit. The occurrence of withdrawal seizures, agitation, tremors, irritability, hallucinations and many more impels an alcoholic to engage in drinking with an intent to cease the symptoms.

A small amount of alcohol can't affect the body functions negatively.

The grounds in which there are legal restrictions on alcohol use is simply because it is clear that alcohol affects and has a propensity to alter bodily functions. Alcohol blows are in place to curb drunk driving. Drinking during pregnancy is a red light to a healthy pregnancy.

Alcohol effects are short-lived.

Let us depict this scenario, Samuel is an alcoholic. He has a designated driver to take him home when drunk. When he gets home he spends most his night at the servant quarters to avoid an argument with his wife.

Acute effects of alcohol can lead to drunk driving, automobile accidents, loss of lives, family violence, fight, fall, risky sexual engagement, and progressive drinking will result in alcohol dependence and compromised health status. No one is immune to the effects of alcohol.

Alcohol promotes the health status of the body.

There is a lot of errors and half-truths about the use of alcohol. As a matter of fact, one doesn't become an alcoholic in one day. The small bits of alcohol taken in the disguise of promoting one health puts one at throes of being alcoholic and doesn't exonerate one from the acute and long-term effects of alcohol.

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VAGINAL DISCHARGE- FAQ AND ANSWERS

HOW DOES NORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE LOOK LIKE?

Vaginal discharge plays a vital role in the body of a woman though it is something that most women rarely discuss because of the embarrassment that may come along with it. It helps to keep the vagina moist, clean, remove dead cells, get rid of bacteria and prevention of infections. A normal vaginal discharge is clear and/or white, doesn't have a pungent smell and may thicken during ovulation.

HOW DO I KNOW VAGINAL DISCHARGE IS UNHEALTHY?

Usually, women are aware of how their vaginal discharge varies at different periods of their menstrual cycle and most of them are able to identify signs of abnormal vaginal discharge. They include:-

• Changes in the color of discharge- greenish, yellow, grey or white curd-like may be a sign of infection.
• Changes in the amount of discharge- frothy or profuse discharge.
• Changes in the smell of the discharge- foul-smelling.
• Associated symptoms like itching, lower abdominal pain, pain when passing urine and frequent urination.

WHAT CAUSES ABNORMAL VAGINAL DISCHARGE?

It is healthy for a woman to produce clear or white discharge but the amount and color changes depending on the time of the menstrual cycle. Abnormal vaginal discharge is a sign that a disease-causing micro-organism has gained entry and multiplied in the reproductive system. Poor hygiene status, malnutrition, stress, sexual contact are some ways in which the micro-organisms gain entry into the reproductive system. Common vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and gonorrhea are common vaginal infections in women.

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SPECIAL DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH GASTRIC ULCER

 Introduction:

Stomach and duodenal ulcers commonly called peptic ulcers occur in the stomach and duodenal wall respectively. The stomach is lined up by a mucous lining which forms a barrier and protects the stomach wall from the corrosive effect of gastric acid. When this barrier is broken, the stomach wall is exposed to the corrosive effect of gastric acid and an ulcer forms. 

Infection with H. pylori bacteria and prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and diclofenac are common factors that cause the mucous lining to break down. 

Both stomach and duodenal ulcers are associated with:-

• Severe upper abdominal pain may also be felt at the back.

• Vomiting. The vomit may be blood-stained or coffee ground in color.

• Indigestion and bloated tummy.

• Dark-colored stool.

 

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DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS:-

Meal frequency and portioning- the stomach is able to tolerate small and frequent meals which helps in the reduction of gastric acid production and helps in relieving symptoms associated with the ulcer. Overeating may worsen ulcer symptoms.

Smoking- tobacco contains nicotine. Nicotine has been associated with increased gastric acid production, irritation to the stomach wall lining and may predispose to ulcer formation and worsening of ulcer symptoms. 

Probiotics- they are commonly found in fermented food products like yogurt. Please note, if there is an existing ulcer, fermented food products may worsen the ulcer symptoms and delay the healing process. On the other hand, probiotics have an antibacterial property and may help in eradication of H. pylori which is a common cause of the gastric ulcer. 

Milk- there is no surprise here but milk prescription is no longer encouraged. After taking milk, it exerts a soothing effect to the ulcer and temporarily relieves pain but it has a residual and rebound gastric acid production which may exacerbate ulcer formation and worsen of the symptoms. 

Honey -This sends me back to college days when we used honey to dress diabetic wounds. Honey has antibacterial properties and studies have shown that it may play a crucial role in inhibiting H. pylori growth. For those who have a problem controlling their blood sugar level should consult a doctor with regard to the use of honey.

Food seasoning- black pepper, chili may not play a crucial role in the healing process. They are associated with indigestion or dyspepsia. But spicy food is controversial in that they may exacerbate symptoms in some individuals and in this case one is encouraged to stop or use less spices in food. If there is no discomfort after eating spicy food then one can use them.

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SUNSCREENS AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP?

In nutshell, let me take you through a crush course of nutrition. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin which functions to enhance absorption and use of calcium and phosphorous in the body in maintenance of good health of teeth, bones and muscles.

Lack or low levels of vitamin D in the body has been linked to rickets in children (bones becomes soft and lose shape) and osteomalacia in adults (associated with bone and muscle pain)

But where does body get Vitamin D from?

• Dietary supply- mostly animal products but the amounts are limited.

• UVB rays from the sun- main source.

• Supplementation- not common.

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Lets face the facts, the body uses UVB rays to convert a lipid-based substance under the skin into Vitamin D which form the bulk of vitamin D supply to the body.

When one applies sunscreens adequately as per the manufacturers instructions, the UVB rays from the sun don't penetrate the skin and this may increase burden and morbidity of vitamin D deficiency in the general population.

Sunscreens have been found to reduce level of vitamin D production in the body though this may not be that significant to affect the overall level of vitamin D.

Solution.

Vitamin D deficiency can have a lethal and devastating effects on the body. For people who suffer from sunburns, this is not the end to use of sunscreens because they play a vital role in prevention of sunburns. Individuals are encouraged to get short bursts of sunlight expose without sunscreens especially during early hours of the day when the heat from the sun is gentle on the skin. Irregular use and applying a sunscreens lightly on the skin play a vital role in minimizing the incidence of vitamin D deficiency.

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HIV/AIDS CURE UPDATE

GENE EDITING TECHNOLOGY SHADES LIGHT FOR HIV/AIDS CURE

The countdown for the cure of HIV/AIDS by 2020 has been challenge-driven but with the wake of things, the cure seems more imminent. 

The challenges being faced by the health sector in treatment and cure for HIV/AIDS like understanding how the virus persists in the body, chatting the precise location of the viral reservoir that persists, complete elimination of the virus and recording how much virus the reservoir holds are continuously being addressed through research. 

In VIVO studies involving mice and rats and using gene-editing technology have shown that scientists were able to isolate the commonest HIV-1 strain. Using the same technology, In VITRO studies showed successful elimination of the virus from human cells but clinical trials have not yet been instituted. 

Gene-editing technology has been dumped as far-reaching, flexible and a better platform to overcome latent persistence of viral reservoir and it can be used with an existing HAART regimen to eradicate mutated strains of the virus.

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EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION; ARE THERE RISKS?

Emergency Contraception: Understanding Its Health Impacts

Emergency contraception (EC), commonly referred to as the morning-after pill, is a crucial option for preventing unintended pregnancies following unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. While its primary function is clear, the health impacts—both positive and negative—are important to understand for informed decision-making.

Positive Health Impacts

1. Prevention of Unintended Pregnancy The most significant benefit of emergency contraception is its effectiveness in preventing unintended pregnancies. When taken within a specific timeframe after unprotected intercourse, EC can significantly reduce the risk of pregnancy, providing individuals with a sense of control over their reproductive health.

2. Flexibility and Accessibility Emergency contraceptive pills are widely available over the counter in many places, making them accessible for those who may need them urgently. This ease of access empowers individuals to make timely decisions about their reproductive health.

3. Hormonal Regulation Some studies suggest that the hormones in emergency contraceptives may have temporary effects on menstrual regulation. For some individuals, taking EC may help in normalizing irregular cycles or reducing heavy menstrual bleeding, although this is not its primary purpose.

4. Safety Profile Emergency contraceptives have been deemed safe for most individuals. Extensive research supports their use, and they are not associated with long-term health risks when used as directed.

Negative Health Impacts

1. Short-Term Side Effects While most individuals tolerate emergency contraceptive pills well, some may experience short-term side effects, including:

   • Nausea and vomiting
   • Fatigue
   • Headaches
   • Breast tenderness
   • Abdominal cramps
   • Heavy menstrual bleeding or intermenstrual bleeding

   These side effects are usually mild and resolve within a few days, but they can be concerning for some users.

2. Potential for Misuse One negative aspect of emergency contraception is the potential for misuse. Some individuals may rely on EC as a primary form of birth control rather than as an emergency option. Regular use can lead to hormonal imbalances and may cause disruptions in menstrual cycles.

3. Emotional and Psychological Effects The circumstances that lead to the need for emergency contraception can be emotionally charged. Individuals may experience anxiety or stress related to their situation, which can be exacerbated by side effects or concerns about future reproductive health.

4. No Protection Against STIs It’s crucial to note that emergency contraception does not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Individuals should consider additional preventive measures, such as condoms, to safeguard against STIs.

Conclusion

Emergency contraception plays a vital role in reproductive health by providing a safety net against unintended pregnancies. While the positive impacts—such as accessibility, effectiveness, and safety—are significant, it’s essential to be aware of potential short-term side effects and the importance of using EC responsibly.

For those considering emergency contraception, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional to understand its proper use and to explore comprehensive contraceptive options that best suit individual needs. Understanding both the benefits and risks associated with emergency contraception can lead to more informed choices and better overall health outcomes.

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References:

Emergency Contraception-WebMD. Address: http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/emergency-contraception.

Emergency contraception- The morning After Pill. Drug.com. Address: http://www.drugs.com/article/emergency-contraceptive-pill.html

TIPS ON PREVENTION AND TREATING BODY ODOR

In the former blog, we featured 'what causes body odor' and found that it is non-harmful bacteria on the surface of the skin acting on sweat-producing odorous substances.

Let's see different ways of how body odor can be prevented or treated.

Warm water bath- taking a bath once a day is recommended. Keep in mind that a warm bath is necessary to kill bacteria on the skin. For individuals who sweat a lot, bathing twice a day will be a good idea in preventing and treating body odor. 

Check on your diet- eating spicy foods, red meat, egg yolk, broccoli and broccoli sprouts on regular bases is associated with body odor. The idea here is not to stop eating such meals because your body needs them but to check on the frequency and also quantity of such foods in a meal. 

Use of deodorants - application of deodorant makes it hard for the bacteria on the surface of the skin to flourish. Deodorants make the surface of the skin acidic which is not suitable media for the bacteria to grow and multiply. 

Use of antiperspirants- they block sweat pores on the skin and help to reduce the amount of sweat that comes out to the skin surface. Antiperspirants have their own flaws as the have been linked to various forms of cancer.

Type of clothing- allowing the sweat to evaporate or get absorbed by the clothing we put on is an important element in the prevention of body odor. Put on clothing that absorbs sweat and allows the skin to breathe again to fend off bad body smell. Natural fibers like wool cotton and silk can help a great deal.

NOTE: Armpits are more prone to odor especially if the hair is not shaved. This makes sweat evaporate slowly creating more time for the bacteria to break down the sweat and more production of odorant substances. 

Surgery- this is only recommended when self-care methods described above fail and body odor persists. Surgery aims at removing or destroying some sweat glands to reduce sweating and control body odor.

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References:

Treating and preventing body odor- MNT. Address: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173478.php?page=2

Body odor – treatment; NHS. Address: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Body-odour/Pages/Treatment.aspx.

WHAT CAUSES BODY ODOR?

Body odor is an unpleasant scent that occurs when non-harmful bacteria on the skin break down fatty acids in sweat, creating odorant substances. Two main factors that contribute to this issue are poor personal hygiene and certain medical conditions. Body odor is typically more noticeable in areas like the armpits, under the breasts, the umbilical region, and the pubic area.

Who Is at Risk of Body Odor?

Body odor is primarily caused by non-harmful bacteria on the skin breaking down fatty acids in sweat. Several factors can contribute to the production of these odorant substances:

• Genetics: According to MedicineNet.com, about one-third of individuals with body odor may have inherited genetic conditions like trimethylaminuria (TMAU), which results in a strong fishy smell. This condition causes trimethylamine to be excreted through urine, breath, sweat, and saliva.

• Environmental Conditions: People living in colder climates tend to have fewer sweat glands, resulting in less production of odorant substances compared to those in warmer regions. This adaptation mechanism helps the body conserve heat.

• Dietary Preferences: Regular consumption of spicy foods has been linked to increased body odor. Foods such as red meat, egg yolks, onions, broccoli, garlic, and seafood are commonly associated with strong odors. These pungent foods can release similar smells through breath, sweat, and urine.

• Obesity: Individuals who are obese often have higher metabolic rates and are prone to excessive sweating, making them more susceptible to the production of odorant substances.

• Medications: Certain medications can cause increased sweating as a side effect, leading to body odor. Drugs such as aspirin, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and acetaminophen are among those linked to excessive sweating and body odor.

• Hormonal Variations: Hormones like progesterone and estrogen can significantly influence body odor. Hot flashes, often experienced during menopause, can lead to excessive sweating, which in turn increases the production of odorous substances as sweat interacts with bacteria on the skin. This is particularly prevalent in women.

• Puberty: Both girls and boys experience significant hormonal changes during puberty, making them more likely to sweat excessively and develop body odor.

• Medical Conditions: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to persistent body odor, particularly in cases of ketoacidosis, which is a medical emergency. Additionally, thyroid disorders can cause excessive sweating, contributing to unwanted body smells.

Sweating is a vital biological process that helps the body eliminate waste products from metabolism. However, if sweat is not properly managed, it can lead to an unpleasant experience. The fatty acids in sweat interact with normal skin bacteria, resulting in the production of substances that emit a foul odor.

To mitigate body odor, maintaining good personal hygiene is essential. Regular bathing, wearing breathable fabrics, and using antiperspirants or deodorants can help control sweat and mask unpleasant smells. Additionally, staying hydrated and managing dietary choices can also contribute to reducing body odor, allowing the body’s natural processes to function without causing discomfort.

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References:

• Body odor- Body Mint. Address: http://bodymint.com/body-odor-what-are-common-body-odor-causes/

• Trimethylaminuria- Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia. Address:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria.

• Ketoacidosis- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Address: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoacidosis

• Body odor: causes, prevention and treatment. Address: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173478.php

BENEFITS OF YOGA IN RELIEVING MENTAL STRESS

Stress is a biological way in which the body reacts to a challenge. During stress mode, the body mobilizes its own mechanism to return the situation to normal. First, there is an activation of the sympathetic nervous system which arouses and prepares the body for fight or flight in response to the stressor.[1]

The aroused state of the sympathetic nervous system doesn't prevail forever. When the stress stimuli are eliminated, there is the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system which gradually enables the body to return to a state of calm and relaxation. [1]

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No one is immune to stress and as a matter of fact the things which push us more to the edge because of their demands can be used to define our success. It is the hustles in life that makes us prone to stress.

Yoga embodies the integration of physical poses, breathing technique and concentration of the mind into the present. It focuses on the alleviation of stress and negative emotions that have been the backbone of chronic diseases. [2]

Yogic have greater resilience to tension and emotional stress than non-yogic which prepares them to overcome daily life challenges and enhance recovery. The yoga disciplines bring a feeling of calm and relaxation brought about by parasympathetic nervous activation.

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 Lets contrast this biological yoga phenomenon to other aerobic exercises. Bearing in mind that meditation and breathing technique is crucial inactivation of the peripheral nervous system and have a dominant effect on the sympathetic nervous system. During aerobics, the activation of the sympathetic nervous system may persist to dominate since the exercise doesn't engage the mind and may propagate into full-fledged stress vis-a-vis yoga poses. [3]

Mastering the technique of breathing and concentration of the mind to present can be an awesome course. Research has shown that during inhalation there is a slight sympathetic activation and heart rate races, and during exhalation there is a slight parasympathetic activation bringing a feeling of calm.

Reference:-  
 1. Stress (biology)- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Address: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/?title=Stress_(biology). Last edited; 15/06/2015 by Yamaguchi.

2. Explaining therapeutic effect of Yoga and its ability to increase the quality of life- PubMed. By Catherine Woodyard. Address:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193654/. Viewed on: 19/06/2015.Health

3. Yoga for stress relief; Reduce stress with Yoga-  Yoga Journal. By Kelly McGonigal. Feb 14, 2011. Address:http://www.yogajournal.com/article/ayurveda/tame-stress/

4. Article Explains Importance of Heart Rate Variability for Your Health- HeartMath Institute. Jan 26, 2015. Address:https://www.heartmath.org/articles-of-the-heart/science-of-the-heart/article-explains-importance-of-heart-rate-variability-for-your-health/ Viewed on; June 22nd, 2015.

  

WHAT HANDWRITING SAY ABOUT PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS

Graphology is the art of studying and analyzing handwriting. Analyzing handwriting has never been easy and may be done on the basis of criminal investigation like signature forgery, in dating for partner compatibility and potential employee selection. 

As long as one is able to write using hand, graphologist is able to study and analyze it and draw conclusions about their personality though this may not be conclusive enough as handwriting may change according to the prevailing condition like a new pen, mood changes, the nature of writing material e.t.c.
In nutshell there are 4 personality types whose handwriting can be described as follows:-
 
Choleric- they are dumped as ambitious and full of enthusiasm. They believe in speed and are fast in what they engage in which makes them have a poor handwriting.
 
Sanguine- they are very expressive in what they do, like attention and approval from others people. This makes they have good handwriting.
 
Melancholics- dumped as loners and thinkers type. They linger much at details and have good analytical skills. They write in a complex manner and are very unpredictable in their handwriting.
 
Phlegmatic- are calm, quiet and relaxed type but they may be fearful, shy and lazy which makes them not well expressive in what they do. They tend to have small and neat hand writing.
People write differently and this may be pointers to certain traits of their personality. 

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Writing using big letters that go even beyond lines of a standard writing material may portray one as outgoing, attention seeker and tend to be confident in what s/he does.

On the other hand, people who write using small letters as compared to lines on a standard piece of paper are thought to have introverted and timid traits. 

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How one dots the i's is a sentence may also tell something about personality traits. Sanguine have very expressive and flamboyant hand writing and they may place the dot for the 'i' distinctively above the 'i.' People may circle or put a dash to their i's rather than putting a dot. 

Circling is associated with child-like traits while putting a dash may portray one as overly critical.

Word spacing may also be of much value in eliciting personality traits of an individual. People who space their words closely like mingling with others while those who space words distantly like being alone, free and independent. 

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OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY LINKED WITH POORER EPISODIC MEMORIES STUDIES INDICATE.

Overweight and obesity has been implicated with onset of wide range of chronic illnesses like Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, High blood pressure, early onset of Alzheimer’s disease, Arthritis, different types of cancers and others.

A recent study published in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology at The University of Cambridge in U.K denoted that overweight and obesity has been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline as evidenced by poorer episodic memories of events by subjects who had unhealthy Body Mass Index (BMI) above 25. 

This study involved subjects aged 18-35 years with BMI ranging between 18 -51. The subjects were then engaged in a mental challenge to hide items on computer screen for two days then they were probed to establish if they can recall which items they had hidden where and when.  (Treasure-Hunt Task) 

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The researchers found that the subjects with unhealthy BMI (above 25) had poorer episodic memories of which items they had hidden where and when as compared to subjects with healthy BMI. They also found that the magnitude of poor episodic memory worsened with increase in BMI.

Overweight and obesity has also been implicated with loss of brain mass (white and grey matter- which makes up neurons). Study findings noted that obese individual had the highest brain mass loss of 8% with overweight individuals having 4% brain mass loss as compared to those who had healthy BMI of 18- 25. The brain mass loss was noted at certain parts of the brain like:-

• Cerebrum- to include Parietal lobe, frontal lobe and the basal ganglia.
• Hippocampus.
• And the anterior Cingulate gyrus.

The structural modification of the cerebrum, hippocampus and the anterior cingulated gyrus had corresponding functional cognitive deficits with respect to the part of the brain involved. 

Basal ganglia is involved in initiation and fine control of complex body movements. Loss of brain mass in the basal ganglia may result in uncoordinated and clumsy movement. Both parietal and frontal lobes involved in planning and memory with hippocampus playing crucial role in long term memory. 

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Diminished ability to form vivid memory of events may play a significant role in perpetuating the morbidity nature of obesity in the entire population and have a negative impact on health. Memory plays an important role in eating and since this is compromised to certain degree in obese subjects, they may not be at a position to regulate their eating tendencies. 

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References:

Overweight, Obesity linked to poorer memory for young adults- Medical News Today. Address: Http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307188.php.

Can Obesity cause memory loss? A study found that people defined as obese had lost brain tissue- The Doctors Weighs In. Address: http://www.thedoctorsweightsin.com/can-obesity-cause-memory-loss/.

BOOST AND SUSTAIN YOUR MOOD AND HAPPINESS

If there is one sure way to augment ones mood and happiness, then physical exercise has it all. 30 minutes of moderate to high intensity aerobic exercise like brisk walking, jogging, cycling and swimming have been associated with a wide spectrum of health benefits like high physical fitness level, better mood and stress coping mechanism, increased cognitive and inhibitory control of behavior.

Improved health status has been an area of growing interest and having positive mind, being physically fit and even better mood state are good working grounds. Sustained physical activity has been linked with  secretion of beta endorphin which has been found to augment individual's mood and enhance a sustained feeling of happiness. The amount of beta endorphin produced during and after exercise is also intensity depended with moderate intensity exercise like jogging has been found to produce more beta endorphin than high intensity exercises.

The interesting thing with exercise and endorphin enhancing an individual mood state is that, mood improves even for the rest of the day and directly correlates with the level of physical exercise.

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HE IS LYING; 3 evidence-based ways to spot a liar

Spotting a liar has not been an easy thing. Lies are fabricated stories and the inventor has to rehearse and keep a conscious memory of them not to be caught. For the smart minds and thinkers, it is hard to make a lie unto them and get away with it. Previous studies had focused on reading the body language of a liar in order to establish their intentions like darting the eyes, nervous laugh, blushing cheek.

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Here are 3-evidence-based ways in which one can detect a lie:-

 

Body movements- Giving a lie makes one uneasy, apprehensive, a feeling of guilt may pervade one mind and body movements becomes inevitable which makes the liar easy to detect. Even when one is conscious not to make any body movement there will be still those micro-movements or micro-expressions that give the game away. The ambiguity of this matter is that there are no universal specifications for body language when one lies but the liar will always act differently. People trained on lie detection may not listen to the credibility of what the subject has to say but may concentrate more on the body language and behavior change during interrogation. Body movements could harbor biasness especially when interrogating people from different regions or individual with certain repetitive behavioral tendencies. 

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Verbal cues- considering that body language may harbor some biasness and subjects can also master their mannerism to cover their lies, probing the subjects further on the issue at hand may help to uncover the lie. These may help uncover a lie using verbal cues:-

• Use open-ended question- as the liar tries to fabricate the story they will lose the momentum and experience blocks in their though process. Ensure an eye contact is maintained.
• Interject the subjects as they uncover the story and you can raise the game by telling them to uncover the story from the end to the beginning. This increases the cognitive load and if it was a lie, the subject may lose the flow of the event and finally will contradict self.

Be observant and watch down regulation of the subject confidence during the conversation. When the liar thinks is in control of the conversation they are more candid. Challenging their stream of thought in a different and clever way makes them feel like they are no longer in control and their confidence may diminish as more challenges comes along.

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REFERENCES:

The best (and worst) ways to detect a liar- BBC. Address: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150906-the-best-and-worst-ways-to-spot-a-liar